[Knowledge and Practice of the students in Tabriz about iron deficiency and iron supplementation]

Iron supplements, is the most cost effective and common strategy used in developed countries for the control of iron deficiency. Weekly iron supplementation programs in high schools and middle schools for girls in 2006, has been carried out. This study aimed to determine the status and practice of female students about iron deficiency and iron supplementation and its relation to personal and social factors. In this cross-sectional study in 2012, 920 pupils from 10 schools were questioned. The questionnaire included demographic information and questions about knowledge and practice. School choice as a quota of five school districts in Tabriz took place. Collected data was analysed by SPSS 13, using inferential statistics methods. The mean [SD] scores of students was 52.4 [13] and practice score was 63.4 [11.3], respectively. 61.6% of the students stated that they "often or always" use tablet distribution. 8% of the sample stated that they had "never" iron distribution in their schools. The most common reason for not taking the tablets was expressed color and taste of the tablets. For better and more effective implementation of iron supplementation programs in schools, iron supplementation and nutrition education classes for students or their mothers and distribution of quality iron tablets are required

[Efficacy of hop [Humuluslupulus L.] on early menopausal symptoms in perimenopausal women: a randomized double blind placebo-controlled trial]

Nowadays, because of the concern about risks of hormone-therapy, many physicians and women prefer phyto-estrogens for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Hop is a plant with potent phyto-estrogenic ingredients. However, its effect on the symptoms has been evaluated only in one clinical trial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of hop [Humuluslupulus L.] in the treatment of early menopausal symptoms and hot flashes [primary outcomes]. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial, 60 perimenopausal women were randomly assigned to two equal groups [n=30]. One group received hop tablets, 500 mg/day and other group received placebo tablets 500 mg/day, for 90 days. Early menopausal symptoms were assessed by means of Greene Scale [0-63] before and at the 4[th], 8[th] and 12[th] weeks after intervention. ANOVA was used for data analysis. There was no loss to follow-up during the 12 weeks of intervention. The mean Greene total score was significantly lower in the hop group in comparison to the placebo group at the 4[th] [adjusted difference: -8.3, 95% confidence interval: -9.7 to -6.9],8[th] [-14.6, -16.5 to -12.7] and 12[th] [-18.2, -20.5 to -16.0] weeks after intervention. No side effects were reported in this study. Hop effectively reduced the early menopausal symptoms and the number of hot flushes in perimenopausal women. Therefore, phytoestrogens can be used for the treatment of climacteric symptoms in the perimenopausal women

Determining appropriate strategies for improving women's health promoting behaviours: using the nominal group technique

Women's health constitutes a major aspect of development in societies and is considered a health-related priority. The aim of the present study was to determine appropriate strategies for improving health promoting behaviours in women of reproductive age in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Using the nominal group technique, a panel discussion was held in October 2011 with 12 health specialists who were selected through purposive sampling. In the first round, panel members generated 81 strategies; after eliminating irrelevant items and merging items with similar concepts, 44 strategies remained. After group discussion and voting, the following 4 items had the highest scores: improving physical activity, with a social support approach; empowering women; promoting and improving men's role in women's health; and promoting social support. The strategies presented in this study may be utilized by policy-makers, managers and health care providers to improve women's health promoting behaviours, and thus contribute to their wellbeing

[Relationship between body image and eating disorders]

Adolescents face special problems which are less common during childhood. Their self image that is influenced by their body changes during this period could cause eating disorders. The aim of present study was undertaken to asses the relationship between body image and eating disorders among female students in Kerman's high schools. Using a correlational study design, 650 female students drawn from high schools were selected. Data were collected through demographic, eating disorders and body image questionnaires. Data was analyzed using Central and distributional indices, T-test, one-way analysis of variance, linear and logistic regression. Total mean score of body image was 64.02%. The highest scores belonged to the upper part of body such as hair, ears, hands and chest. 6.3% of students had eating disorder, consisting of 1.7% anorexia nervosa, 1.7% bulimia nervosa and 2.9% eating disorder not otherwise specified. Comparison of body image score and type of eating disorders showed significant differences except for anorexia nervosa. Linear regression and logistic regression showed a two-directional relationship between eating disorder variables and body image score. Only BMI was predictive factor for probability of eating disorders [P=0.02]. The relationship between body image and eating disorder is two-directional. Therefore, observing the symptoms of one disorder suggests the probability of the presence of the other one. So educating people like parents and teachers and caregivers by community health nurse regarding nutritional problems can be effective in early diagnosing and identifying such disorders

[Parents' knowledge about the symptoms of substance abuse: a study on parents of students in Kerman high schools and secondary schools]

Three basic strategies against substance abuse are control of distribution, treatment of dependents and prevention. Recent years experiences have shown the significant importance of prevention. Considering the decrease in age of substance abuse onset, parents' knowledge about this phenomenon and consequently its early prevention and control in the family is very important. In this cross-sectional study performed in 2005, knowledge of 600 parents of Kerman highs schools' and secondary schools' students in relation to the symptoms of substance abuse was determined by using a researcher-made questionnaire. In whole, 20.1% of the participants had high school or higher educational level and 11.7% of them had history of substance abuse in their family members. The highest knowledge scores in physical symptoms belonged respectively to alcohol [23%], opium [17%] and cigarette [15%]. In relation to psychological symptoms, the highest scores were obtained for tranquilizers and analgesics [29%] and then cigarette, alcohol and opium [24%, 19% and 17% respectively]. Insufficient Knowledge scores, especially in regard to substances with increasing rate of use is a serious warning requiring serious attempts for increasing knowledge of all classes of society especially parents. This should be done continuously and by using the most efficient educational programs and cooperation of all related organizations

Awareness and practice of Kerman dentists about B Hepatitis, 2004

Many research studies regarding dental occupational dangers were performed and conflicted results have been obtained. The aim of this study was to determine the awareness and practice of active dentists practicing in their offices in Kerman city. The present study was a descriptive and cross-sectional one. A questionnaire was prepared, which after determining the validity and reliability was distributed among 140 dentists. One hundred and three dentists participated in this study. Data was analyzed by SPSS software. Results showed that dentists had good awareness about hepatitis B [HBV]. Mean score of awareness was 5.44 [out of 7]. Seventy-eight percent of all awareness questions were answered correctly. Regarding dental practice, 90.2% had complete vaccination against HBV, however, antibody titer measurement was performed by only 43.9% of them. Meanwhile, dentists who had more than 40 years old and 10 years experience of dental practice and more than 30 hours practice per week had better practice regarding antibody titer measurement [p<0.05]. General practitioners had more complete vaccination against HBV than specialists in dentistry [p<0.05]. This study showed that the knowledge of dentists was good. Older dentists had better practice and general practitioners had better vaccination in comparison with dental specialists

[Prevalence and predisposing factors to candidiasis infection in women supported B.V health centers of Tabriz, 2004]

Vaginits is probably the most common infection in women during their reproductive years, resulting in 5-10 million health-care visits a year, worldwide. Vulvovaginal candidiasis [vvc] is the second-most common form of vaginitis in the Unite.! States, which is associated with use of oral contraceptives containing high bevels of estrogen and hormonal therapies. Midwives play an important role not only in the assessment and management of vaginal infections. but also in educating women about vaginal health. Recognizing risk factors assodiated with infections are the key to vaginal health. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of Candidal vaginitis in women referring to Tabriz health centers. This was a cross sectional study carried out on 1000 women aged 15-49 years who were selected by multiple random method. A sample of vaginal discharge was taken from the posterior fornix of the cervix and from the vaginal wall using sterile cotton swabs. The mycelium was observed by microscopic examination of a wet mount of the secretions. Another sample was taken for culturing in Agar sabura and transported to the laboratory. In addition, questionnaires with personal and reproductive information were completed. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 15 and chi-square and, t student statistical tests were used for analysis. This investigation indicated that prevalence of candidiasis was 25.2%. There was no meaningful statistical relationship between age, marriage age, occupation, education status, body mass index, day of menstruation cycle and abortion history with candidal vaginitis [p>.05].but a statistically significant relationship was observed between number of deliveries, vaginal Ph with candidiasis. Also, there was a reverse statistical relationship between OCP, DMPA methods and candidiasis. Midwives and other health professionals have an important role to play by giving more information to women about infections and associated risk factors, thus improving their quality of life

[Knowledge, attitude and practice [KAP] study regarding prevention of breast cancer in working women of Chaloos city]

Today, breast cancer is one of the most common causes of mortality and morbidty and also the leading health concern of the world. This research was a descriptive study entitled; Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding prevention of breast cancer in working women of Chaloos city. The sample size of study included 612 women working in governmental centers. The instrument for data collection was a researcher -made questionnaire. For data analysis, central and coefficient index chi square, t-test ,one way analysis of variation, Kruscal Wallis, Pearson's correlation coefficient and Fisher test were used. The findings showed that the most of samples were in the 30-39 years age group,[39.7%] with an educational job[83/5%] and without history of breast cancer history in the family.[94/9%] Results also revealed that there was a weak positive relationship between knowledge and attitude [r=0.33] .The findings showed there was a significant statistical relation between knowledge and practice [p<0.05]. Also, there was a significant statistical relation between knowledge level and breast self examination [BSE], time interval and also the time of performing BSE [p<0.0001] Similarly, the highest levels of knowledge were present in women with medical education and those with a bachelors or higher degree. The results showed that attitude scores were significantly different in various age, job and educational groups, [p<0.001, p<0.05,p<0.05] respectively. The results showed that most of the population under study had a positive attitude but didn't have good knowledge or practice

[Pregnancy outcome in mothers with meconium stained amniotic fluid in educational centers of Tabrize university of medical sciences in 2002 - 2003]

Meconium is the first defecation of fetus and neonate. Intrauterine passage of meconium may represent a normal physiologic or pathologic event. The presence of meconium stained amniotic fluid [MSAF] is relatively common and occurs in 5 - 15% of births. Studies have showed that MSAF may affect maternal and neonatal outcome, however the risks associated with meconium staining remains uncertain and controversial. A retrospective analytic descriptive study was done in Alzahra and Talegani educational centers in Tabrize. We studied 8512 files of delivered women and selected 640 records which had criteria of investigation, in two groups of case and control [320 records with MSAF as case group and 320 records with clear amniotic fluid as control group]. Data were then gathered and analyzed using SPSS9 soft word, by t and chi [2] and Fisher exact tests. The prevalence of MSAF in this study was 9. 6% and the incidence of meconium aspiration syndrome was 3. 8%. Thich meconium was presented in 232 [72. 5%] infants. In addition there were statistically significant differences between maternal age [p=0.032], abnormal fetal heart rate [P=0.002], fetal sex [p=0.033], the 5 minute apgar score [P=0. 011], gestational age, mode of delivery, the first minute apgar score, respiratory distress, post partum care, resuscitation and length hospital stay in the two groups [P<0.001]. But there were no statistically significant differences in parity, induction of labour, birth weight, and neonatal seizures during the first 24 h between two groups. According to this study meconium stained amniotic fluid is a predictor for some of the adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes

[ comparison of oral mucosal clinical reactions to PVDF and silk sutures in albino rabbit]

This study was carried out in order to compare the oral mucosal reactions to silk and poly vinylidene fluoride [PVDF] suture materials in albino rabbit. 21 mature male albino rabbits were selected and under general and local anesthesia suture materials were placed randomly at right and left side of vestibular area of maxillary jaw. The animals were divided into 3 equal groups based on the time of suture removal [3, 5 and 7 days after suturing], and inflammatory reaction of the oral mucosal at sutured area was scored clinically and sutures were removed. The sutured areas in all of the animals were observed 14 days after suturing and the inflammatory reaction was scored again. Wilcoxon and Kruskal Wallis tests were used for data analysis. Results showed that in all intervals, inflammatory reactions to PVDF sutures were significantly milder comparing to silk sutures [P<0.05]. Also, later suture removal increased the inflammatory reaction and healing decreased. It can be concluded that in oral surgeries PVDF sutures due to creating milder tissue reactions is preferable to silk suture

[ comparison of oral mucosal clinical reactions to PVDF and silk sutures in albino rabbit]

This study was carried out in order to compare the oral mucosal reactions to silk and poly vinylidene fluoride [PVDF] suture materials in albino rabbit. Twenty-one mature male albino rabbits were selected and under general and local anesthesia suture materials were placed randomly at right and left side of vestibular area of maxillary jaw. The animals were divided into three equal groups based on the time of suture removal [3, 5 and 7 days after suturing], and inflammatory reaction of the oral mucosa at sutured area was scored clinically and sutures were removed. The sutured areas in all of the animals were observed 14 days after suturing and the inflammatory reaction was scored again. Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for data analysis. Results showed that in all time intervals, inflammatory reactions to PVDF sutures were significantly milder comparing to silk sutures [P<0.05]. Also, later suture removal increased the inflammatory reaction and healing decreased. It can be concluded that in oral surgeries PVDF suture due to creating milder tissue reactions is preferable to silk suture

[Attitude of Kerman Universities male students toward cigarettes]

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, the attitude of Kerman universities male students toward cigarettes and its relation to their demographic, social, and family variables were evaluated. 558 male students of Kerman universities were selected through random-cluster sampling and 460 of them who responded completely to the questionnaires were evaluated. Data were collected via an researcher-constructed questionnaire and then analyzed by descriptive-statistical methods and Kruskal-Wallis statistical test. The assessed attitude scores ranged between 29 and 117. The mean scores per attitude statement fluctuated between 0.7 and 1.5. Amongst the 29 attitude statements, the highest mean score [3.43] was related to the statement [Easy access to cigarettes is a reason for smoking]. After that, the following statements placed second and third respectively: [Non-smokers too experience much of harmful consequences of cigarette smoking] [3.41] and [Rather than prohibiting cigarettes, it is better to reduce its harmful effects] [2.65]. This appraisal yielded a significant difference between the respondents in the variables: level of education, purchasing cigarettes for parents, and believing in harmfulness of cigarettes to health. There was not a significant difference observed in the variables: father's occupation, father's level of education, mother's level of education, and mother's smoking. The variables [friend's smoking] and [friends encouraging to smoke] too indicated significant statistical difference. There was not a significant difference found regarding the place of education [university], age, mother's occupation, father's smoking, siblings' smoking, the number of smoking professors, age and place of smoking the first cigarette, and reasons for smoking. Some of the students' demographic specifics are related to their attitude toward cigarette smoking